Studying Gambling Behaviors and Responsible Gambling Tools in a Simulated Online Casino Integrated With Amazon Mechanical Turk: Development and Initial Validation of Survey Data and Platform Mechanics of the Frescati Online Research Casino

Limitations

Both this validation study, and the FORC platform itself, have some limitations that need to be acknowledged. First, the experimental setup was designed to allow a detailed evaluation of the game mechanics, rather than to evoke spontaneous gambling behaviors perfectly reflective of real-life gambling. For example, the return to player rate of the slot machine game was 0.7, which is lower than in typical real-life gambling; although the degree to which participants could discriminate this is unknown (38). For this reason, we refrained from examining associations between observed gambling behavior and collected measures of gambling habits and gambling problems. Instead, we emphasize that each study in which FORC is used should examine convergent validity in relation to what can be reasonably expected given the particular experimental setup used. If, for example, a study aims to immediately promote Pavlovian or instrumental learning in order to avoid possible confounding, the resulting gambling behaviors may be shaped more by the newly learned contingencies than regular gambling strategies, decreasing power to detect convergent associations with survey-reported gambling. Second, the current study did not collect any additional data to examine data quality (e.g., participant ratings or free-text evaluations), opting instead to examine data quality using the same metrics that would be available to subsequent experiments run using the same platform. Importantly, data quality assessment should be carried out in every study that uses FORC, adapted to the specific experimental setup and preferably using pre-registered thresholds. Third, this validation study was not designed to evaluate the optimal description used for recruiting AMT workers to complete the experiment.

While the FORC platform was designed to offer great flexibility in terms of experimental setup, some limitations nonetheless apply. First, although the aesthetic of FORC was designed to mimic that of modern online casinos, graphical quality is not fully comparable, at least to those prevalent in Western countries. To some extent, this was a deliberate design decision: too complex graphical presentations may have distracted participants and presented technical issues for users running the experiment on smartphones and cellular internet connections. Also for technical reasons, including background sound was not possible, although FORC does feature realistic casino sound effects. The impact of lack of background music on external validity remains unknown; although background music during e.g., slot-machine playing may drive immersion and put the gambler in a so called “Dark Flow” (39), gambler may be equally likely to turn down repetitive background music of this kind if they find it disturbing or distracting. A second FORC feature limitation is that only one win probability and amount can be set for each trial sequence, unlike in real-life gambling where there are often several win outcomes available, with probabilities decreasing with increasing amounts. However, jackpot-type setups can still be simulated by setting up several consecutive trial sequences of the same game, with randomized allocation to different number of trials and specific jackpot outcomes if need be. Third, custom gambling options are not available and cannot be simulated at present, meaning that research questions on this particular topic cannot at present be investigated using FORC. Fourth, our subsequent choice to modify the game mechanic to always return the bet on a winning outcome, entails that FORC cannot at current be used to study the losses-disguised-as-wins phenomenon (40). Returning this parameter setting would however require only a minor change to the underlying source code. Finally, it should be acknowledged that as with real-life gambling outcomes, appropriate statistical methods may be necessary to properly analyze some outcomes, e.g., if a particular experimental setup generates an of excess zeroes (41).

Conflict of Interest

PL is employed by the county-operated addiction healthcare provider in Stockholm and reports funding from the Independent Research Council of Svenska spel, a state-operated gambling provider in Sweden. In addition to governmental research grants on gambling, PC reports research funding by several gambling providers in Sweden, Finland and Norway. PL and PC report ongoing academia-industry research collaborations on scientific evaluations of RGTs and impact of the COVID-19 situation on gambling in Sweden. EI reports past research funding from PaF, a gambling provider operated by the Åland Island government.

The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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